B. This presents an economic problem as the economically active people must pay taxes towards the pensions of the older population and towards social care, which helps care for the elderly. Legal aid groups such as the “Group to Inform and Support Immigrant Workers” have helped the courts in this effort. Choose from 500 different sets of expansive+population+poli cies flashcards on Quizlet. France’s Socialists, reluctant to appear lenient on migration, called for a firm response to the Kurdish immigrants in order to deter further arrivals. Three years earlier, France had heavily criticized the Italian government when 825 Kurds aboard the ship Ararat landed in the South of Italy. Politicians across the political spectrum responded by arguing in favor of “immigration zéro,” and the right-wing coalition that came into power in 1993 translated the principle of zero immigration into policy. The policy is costing the government billions of euros on top of what it is costing the government to support the ageing population. However by 1992 the total fertility rate had fallen to 1.67, substantially lower than the replacement level. Most undeveloped countries will be in which stage of the Demographic Transition Model? Macron has criticized Turkey’s warring in Syria. Explain the difference between Cyclical Movement and … Post was not sent - check your email addresses! During the Neolithic era and the time of the Indo-European migrations, Europe saw human inflows from east … Frances fertility rate has risen from 1.67 in 1992 to 1.98 today and, whilst this is still below replacement level, it indicates that the code de la famille is raising the fertility rate as desired. As successive governments have sought to stem migration flows and to issue more expulsion orders, France’s high courts have entered the fray of immigration politics. The ex-Prime Minister, Dominique de Villepin claims that baby booms and immigration will help to make “France the most populous country in Europe by 2030.” Despite the optimistic approach, he provides no evidence to support his claim. It has pushed leading mainstream politicians on the right to address the immigration issue, in order either to win back voters from the far right, or to cause competing parties to lose votes to the National Front. This is just €200 less than the French minimum wage. Germany’s, on the other hand, is estimated to be 77.9 million by 2030, casting doubt on the ex-Prime Minister’s statement. Depending on the family’s income, childcare costs from virtually nothing to around €500 a month for the most well off of families. There are currently no predictions available for the total fertility rate however given it’s current trend of increasing, it could surpass replacement level by 2050 assuming there are no unexpected events such as wars or famines. 68-96 6. But the figure is likely closer to 6.9 percent, according to the Pew survey-- more than three times as high as the official government estimate.The Pew estimate comes from asking adults to not only self-identify but to also state whether their parents … In most developed countries, the decline in fertility and the increase in life length has raised three concerns: In 1939, the French passed the “Code de la famille”, a complex piece of pro natalist legislation. In addition to the increased retirement age, people will need to work 41.5 years in 2020 to claim a full pension versus the 40.5 years they must work now. France France has one of the highest fertility rates in Europe — 2.01 — and it managed to get there by showing that it does not hurt to have bigger families. Politicians on the right, by contrast, called for solidarity with a people oppressed by Middle Eastern powers. Population Policy Development in the Post-World War II Period, 1950-2000 4. This represented a 9 percent decrease in the foreign population since the 1990 census. EU countries (minus the UK, Ireland, and Denmark which have opted out) and associated Schengen countries (Iceland and Norway) can now adopt unified European legislation in this policy area. The pro natalist methods in the policy included: Incentives offered in the policy included: Below is an essay I wrote discussing the situtation regarding France’s population, the pro natalist policy in detail and evaluating how effective the policy has been. Recently, the French government announced plans to raise the retirement age from 60 to 62 (by 2018) in an attempt to increase the support ratio by reducing the number of people who are classed as elderly. An official government policy designed to encourage the population to conceive and raise multiple children… Countries like Sweden, France, the U.K., Germany, and Italy have some form of expansive population policies in place. However, the cost of this pro-natalist policy is diminishing its success. Families also receive full tax subsidisation until the youngest child reaches 18, further reducing the financial impact of having multiple children. By 2050, the population figures for the two European giants are expected to be near equal for the first time since 1871. However, France’s net migration rate is only 1.46 migrants per 1,000 of the population which wouldn’t be high enough to effect the total fertility … Guidance for the Brookings community and the public on our response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) », Learn more from Brookings scholars about the global response to coronavirus (COVID-19) ». An increasing proportion of France’s population is now over the age of 60, whilst there are fewer economically active people and even fewer people having children. The underlying mechanisms of high connectivity (migration capability), high genetic diver- sity and expansive population growth across different species and taxa are not fully understood. France has nonetheless continued to receive legal immigrants, with approximately 100,000 new entries per year. France and the European Union today are witnessing the same perverse effects that the US experienced along its Mexican border, where new restrictions in some states only redirected flows to others, and raised the price of illegal passage. The Census Bureau estimates that 2.1 percent of the population is multiracial. Please contribute it! 1. 18th Century … The history of Europe concerns itself with the discovery and collection, the study, organization and presentation and the interpretation of past events and affairs of the people of Europe since the beginning of written records. Population Pyramid Types Expansive. Part of the decrease is due to the naturalization of about 60,000 foreigners every year, and part is due to mortality. Don’t copy this. Yet it should be emphasized that one quarter of the foreigners who have entered France since 1990 have since left the country (220,000 out of 850,000 entries since 1990). sive population growth among various species from different vent sites [16, 20]. A. In addition to the rapidly decreasing support ratio, France’s population also faces the problem of a falling birth rate & low total fertility rate. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. In 1950, this number had fallen to 5.8, largely as a side effect of the two world wars. The socioeconomic implications of population ageing. Valérie Pécresse, President of the Île-de-France region, which includes Paris and the surrounding suburbs and has a total population of over 12 million has prioritized the implementation of smart city technology stating that she wants to lead the number one “smart region” in Europe by 2020. These projects failed, primarily because France’s public administration used procedural means to block them. When Socialist Prime Minister Lionel Jospin came into office in 1997, he chose the prominent political scientist Patrick Weil to write a report, L’immigration et la nationalité, that laid the groundwork for a new immigration law adopted in 1998. Historical Overview of Population Policies Prior to the 20th Century 3. Explanation: An “expansive population policy” is an official government policy designed to encourage the population to conceive and raise multiple children. Turkey has challenged the French navy at sea. There were even attempts, under the conservative presidency of Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, to reverse the flow of immigrants by refusing to renew their residency permits. By 1995, the ratio had fallen to just 4.4 young people to one old person. The new consensus still privileges the restrictive function of immigration policy. And unlike the United States, where organized business and ethnic interests have lobbied for expansive immigration legislation, France has no organized interest groups advocating greater immigration. Compare the policies on population control in India, China, Japan, and Sweden Chapter 3 Pgs. A population policy is a policy that a country engages in in order to get its population to a level that it feels is optimal for it. Given France’s current budget deficit of 7.5% its GDP and the current situation regarding the euro, the country could struggle to fund the pro-natalist policies in the near future, which could limit its success and ultimately result in the policy failing, worsening the issue of paying for the elderly’s social care. Since 1901, the support ratio of France has fallen a large amount. Each age group shows a bar less wider than that of the age group before it, indicating that more people die at each higher group. Major reforms were passed in 1980, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1997, and most recently in 1998. Looking at data currently available regarding France’s population, the code de la famille would hint at success. Expansive Population (Pro-Natalist) Policies - Build army - Sense of National Relief (Baby Boomers) - Population Decline. - Egypt in about 2500 B.C - England and France in 1801 A.D. - Zaire in 1984 A.D - Ethiopia in 1984 A.D. 4 2.1.1. I was graded an A for it, the only criticsm being that the fifth paragraph didn’t specifically relate to the pro natalist policy. This, combined with an ageing population, presents the problem of a low number of economically active individuals in the future, resulting in a decreased support ratio and raising costs to care for the elderly which ultimately increases the strain on France’s treasury. Nursing mothers are encourage to work part-time or take a weekly day off work. France. The population increased 132.0% between 1990 and 2015. Counter-mobilization by the extreme right has also fed the political debate on immigration. Computer experts earning more than 180,000 FF per year, and highly qualified temporary workers earning more than 23,000 FF per month, both benefit from a simplified procedure and, if they obtain a one-year permit, can request family reunification. Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. In addition to grants and discounts on public services, the French government also offers subsidised state run childcare for children of 3 months, again, ensuring that women can continue to work after giving birth with minimal financial penalties. Since 1999, a makeshift camp in the small French town of Sangatte, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, has housed thousands of people wishing to cross the Channel to England by jumping on trucks or trains in Calais. This high rate of departure is due in part to the weak economic climate in France during much of this period. A. A. Singapore's changing population policies Singapore's recent history has seen the city state use both anti-natalist policies aimed to reduce birth rates and, more recently, pro-natalist policies aimed to increase fertility and increase the number of births and therefore young people in the country. This is significantly below the French government’s goal of 75 million which suggests that, at the moment, the pro-natalist policy is not going to have the desired effects. The Bretagne population was of Celtic origin (Celtic refugees who fled Saxon invasions of Britain) while in Aquitaine the population was a mix of ethnic Basque and Galo-Roman. The critical questions regarding the code de la famille is if it has been successful so far and if it will continue to be successful in the future. 30% fare reduction on all public transport for three child families. Despite these reforms, France still appears to lag behind the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom in its quest for highly skilled mobile labor. Offfering cash incentives to mothers who stayed at home to care for children. Since 1973, immigration policy in France has focused primarily on stemming and deterring migration. This low fertility rate is due to an increasing proportion of educated women who are pursuing careers. However, France’s net migration rate is only 1.46 migrants per 1,000 of the population which wouldn’t be high enough to effect the total fertility rate to the extent it has been. Population: 6.5 France is seeing a gradual decline in its birth rate, which stood at 1.88 at the start of 2018, however the population has registered a growth of 0.3 percent, a slow but hopeful start. Restrictive Population (Anti-Natalist) Policies - Explosive growth quelling - Overcrowding problems. 2nd. Unlike the multi-polar party systems in other continental European countries, which encourage complex coalitions across multiple policy areas, France’s winner-take-all electoral system has led the left and right to exaggerate partisan differences. They have instead criminalized the migration process itself, and raised the demand for smuggling networks and their lucre. Ripe for discovery, Nimes was a major city during the Roman Empire dating back to 28 B.C. Thus today, in spite of a partial regularization of undocumented aliens in 1997, there are still many people living in France known as inexpulsables-irrégularisables. In this respect its policy resembled that of the United States. Despite the below-replacement TFR, no changes were made in South Korea’s family planning program. D. ... China once encouraged expansive population policies, but now encourages restrictive population policies. The legislation is costing the French government massive amounts of money to fund, which is increasing the strain on the treasury further. There is also a €512 monthly grant for both mother and father who put work on hold to raise a second or third child. In 1967, for example, an aspect of the legislation which banned the sale of contraceptives was removed, likely due to contraceptives' effectiveness at stopping the spread of STDs. Weil?s policy recommendations were in fact inspired by the American model, in particular the US visa provisions for highly skilled immigrants. Women are now focusing on their careers rather than on raising families, resulting in women putting off having children until they’re 30 or deciding to just not have children, especially middle class women. And the emerging EU regime on immigration and asylum, negotiated by national interior and justice ministry bureaucrats, is also characterized by a general policy of restrictiveness. In 1990, the population structure had an expansive structure in groups older than age 35 years, with lesser expansiveness in groups under that age. This, combined with the high cost makes the population seem relatively unsuccessful in the long run. One of the key aspects of the legislation was a series of incentives offered to working women, in order to encourage them to have children. Related: Various Population Projection Methods | Types & Importance Three types of Population Pyramids – Stationary (Stable), Constrictive & Expansive. In addition to fully payed maternity leave, the legislation also introduced a series of generous grants to women having children, especially multiple children. The economic impacts of this low support ratio are huge. Domestic Determinants of Foreign Policy in the European Union and the United States. Maternity leave, which is 16 weeks for the fi rst kid, increases to 26 weeks for the third child. The legislation introduced a long maternity period of 20 weeks to 40 weeks depending on the number of children the woman has already given birth to. When a women has her third child, the French government will pay her up to €1,000 per month, depending on how well off she already is, as a reward. Child-orientated development policies e.g. France's current population is 67.2 million (versus 82.6 million in Germany), but in 32 years' time, the European Commission forecasts a population of 74.3 million for France and just 74.7 million for Germany. Government level of concern about the ageing of the population, 2005 and 2013 Virginie Guiraudon is a permanent research fellow at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in France and author of Les politiques d?immigration en Europe. While these numbers do not point to a migration “crisis” in France, the issue has nonetheless been more highly politicized, and for a longer time, than elsewhere in Europe. France is the only country to have witnessed a large-scale migrant social movement in each of the past three decades: the migrant workers? Have an idea for this article? Although the percentage of foreigners in the French population remains above the EU average of 4.4 percent, France is the only EU member state, and OECD country, where the number of immigrants has decreased over this period. rent strikes in the 1970s, the “second generation” movement in the 1980s, and the sans papiers (those without documents) mobilization in the 1990s. Today there is little public concern over the low birth rate and there is no official population policy for manipulating birth rates. Countries like Sweden, France, the U.K., Germany, and Italy have some form of “expansive population policies” in place. Examples of Expansive Population Policies - France - Sweden - Poland. The pro-natalist policy is politically neutral and all parties of the French government support it and most will call it a success. The legal flows have included EU migrants who enjoy free movement rights, family members of legal residents, whose rights are protected by domestic law, and refugees and asylum-seekers admitted on the basis of constitutional and international law. If the legislation was to fail, it could bankrupt the country. Childbearing was almost universal, population continued to grow due to a still youthful age structure, and concerns about the effects of a large population … Mobilization of both pro- and anti-migrant forces has fed the political fire. These proposals were adopted by the Council of Ministers under the Swedish Presidency in May 2001. Features of the French political system help explain this political attention. Yet, as elsewhere in Western Europe, France’s recruitment of new workers halted with the first oil shock in 1973. In order to combat the falling fertility rate, France has employed an aggressive pro-natalist policy which employs a system of monetary incentives and rewards for women giving birth to multiple children which seems to have helped raise France’s total fertility rate to 1.98, the second highest in Europe next to Ireland, but still below replacement level. provisioning of creches, day nurseries etc. By Dennis Normile Mar. In 1901, the support ratio was 7.8 persons aged 15-64 to one person aged 65 years or older. Further measures introduced that year aimed at easing the conditions of entry for certain highly skilled professional categories. France’s population is entering an increasingly critical state due to a rapidly decreasing support ratio, a low fertility rate and a falling birth rate. By the early 1990s, even though immigration in all categories of legal entries had fallen, Jean-Marie Le Pen’s extreme-right National Front party was attracting a significant portion of the electorate with its demagogic demand to expel Muslim immigrants from France. Banning the sale of contraceptives (repealed in 1967). Now France, like Italy, has been forced to acknowledge that it has become a transit country for asylum seekers and illegal migrants trying to make their way to the United Kingdom or northern Europe. France has even deployed fighter … with a population of approximately 55,000 people. France’s Conseil d’Etat, its highest administrative court, has since the late 1970s played a key role in defending these groups. True: B. France, when it held the presidency of the European Union in the fall of 2000, made a series of proposals to harmonize sanctions against carriers and facilitators of illegal migration. These are mainly unsolicited migrants, those whose rights of entry and stay are guaranteed by constitutional norms and international agreements. Indeed over a third of the East Sea passengers “disappeared” without claiming asylum in France, where they had little chance of success in any case. The long term prospect of population decline and demise. In fact, since the Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force in May 1999, immigration and asylum policy has become a European Union matter. After successive national electoral campaigns (legislative and presidential) in which each new government worked to undo previous legislation, France now holds a record for legislative change in the area of immigration. This group—including rejected asylum-seekers from countries to which it is not safe to return, and foreign parents of French children—cannot be expelled, yet is not eligible for residency permits. Both the Sangatte camp and the East Sea incident have heightened tensions between the French and British governments over immigration policy. She holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University. This, combined with next to free public transport (families are given a “large family card”, halving metro costs), €174 a year for extra-curricular activities and free entrance to public swimming pools and other public facilities, essentially means that the poorest families in France can raise a child for virtually nothing and the most well off can raise one for around €500. The population will only increase by 0.6 million between 2030 and 2050 and the fertility rate is not expected to exceed the replacement level. Don’t be lazy. On 17 February 2001, the freighter East Sea ran aground on the French Riviera with nine hundred Kurds on board, mainly from Syria, after its crew of smugglers abandoned ship. “Policy is based on social rather than demographic grounds.” In France, The Code de la Famille of 1939 outlines the various measures adopted in pursuance of the pro-natalist policy. What’s the secret to its success? This has the effect of lowering both the fertility rate and the birth rate to levels below replacement level, resulting in smaller successive generations. Currently, over 21% of France’s population is over 60 and it’s predicted that by 2050, ⅓ of the population will be over 60. “Expansive population policies” are most common in Western and Northern Europe where birth rates are some of the lowest in the world. The UN is predicting that the population will not increase to the desired amount and analysts predict that France will not be able to raise the fertility rate above the replacement level. Family allowances to increase the purchasing power of three child families. Three years after the 1998 law on immigration and residency, France’s political left and right appear to have agreed not to disagree on immigration, at least at the national level.