5. In the model he constructed, agents have imperfect information and cannot unambiguously distinguish whether a local price increase is due to rising demand for their own product or a general increase in the price level because of an expansion of the money supply. Lucas’s general approach has indeed become a prototype for practically all modern researchers in macroeconomics. This implies an insistence on completeness in the theoretical analysis that, in principle, is accepted by most researchers in economics. See all articles by Alexandre Andrada Alexandre Andrada. Rational expectations are instead truly forward-looking and imply a much more sophisticated, and more realistic, way of forming expectations; agents learn from their mistakes and use their intellectual capacity to understand the way the economy works. Robert A Lucas, Jr Robert A. An equilibrium theory of business cycles A considerable part of Lucas’s research has been devoted to an equilibrium theory of business cycles. Expressed in this way, the point is easy to grasp. This program involves formulating and estimating macroeconometric models with parameters that are independent of the policy regime, so that they can be used for evaluating alternative policies. Business cycles were seen as disequilibrium phenomena. (2) See for instance the papers collected in Cooley (1995). Thus more expansionary policy just leads to more inflation, but does not increase average employment. Lucas, R.E. Robert Lucas … Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. (born September 15, 1937) is an American economist at the University of Chicago. (1980a), “Equilibrium in a Pure Currency Economy,” Economic Inquiry 18, 203-220. Robert Emerson Lucas Jr. (born September 15, 1937) is an American economist at the University of Chicago, where he is currently the John Dewey Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in Economics and the College. The Keynesian approach was rightly criticized for postulating such relations without giving them rigorous theoretical explanations. The equilibrium theory of business cycles was initially developed under the maintained assumptions of completely flexible prices and instantaneous equilibria with perfect competition on goods and factor markets. 2. (1988), “On the Mechanics of Economic Development,” Journal of Monetary Economics 22, 3-42. Lucas’s approach is indeed consistent with sticky prices and market imperfections. 92-96. Stokey (1987), “Money and Interest in a Cash-In-Advance Economy,” Econometrica 55, 491-514. and; (ii) how this influence changed through time? economist Robert Lucas Jr. shows how, in the long run, all economies, no matter the current level of their economic development, grow and are integrated into the global economy. Robert Lucas Jr. taught at the ‘Graduate School of Industrial Administration, now called the ‘Tepper School of Business’ at the Carnegie Mellon University from 1963 to 1975. Human Capital and Growth by Robert E. Lucas Jr.. (1977), “Understanding Business Cycles,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 5, 7-29. Robert Lucas Jr. Obituary. In practice, as emphasized above, it is often quite difficult to follow this principle. The 2006 Nobel Prize winner Edmund Strother Phelps, Jr. (1933) also had an enormous influence on Lucas. Expressed in this way the rational expectations hypothesis is easy to grasp and no more controversial than the usual rationality hypothesis in static situations. MLA style: Advanced information. Without such methods, the implications of the rational expectations hypothesis would probably have been restricted to general insights about the importance of expectations, rather than precise and operational statements in specific situations. He later applied the hypothesis to several other fields than macroeconomics and economic policy. Friedman and Phelps assumed adaptive expectations in their critique. 1. Robert E. Lucas, Jr and new classical economics The professional reception to the research of Robert E. Lucas, Jr (b. Lucas realized and explained the far-reaching consequences of endogenous rational expectations formation, especially for the effects of changes in economic policy and for econometric evaluation of economic policy. Mix Play all Mix - Canal do Por Quê? View the profiles of people named Robert L Lucas Jr. Join Facebook to connect with Robert L Lucas Jr. and others you may know. Workplace: Department of Economics, University of Chicago, (more information at EDIRC) Access statistics for papers by Robert E. Lucas, Jr.. Last updated 2019-07-27. Bond rates and other asset prices are further obvious examples. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 643 views. "Supply-Side Economics: An Analytical Review," Robert E. Lucas, Jr., Oxford Economic Papers, (1990) 42(2), pp. Build your family tree online ; Share photos and videos ; Smart Matching™ technology ; Free! (1973), “Some International Evidence on Output-Inflation Tradeoffs,” American Economic Review 63, 326-334. We discuss the reasons behind this data. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Nobel Prize Robert E. Lucas Jr delivers End-of-Year Lecture at EPGE. Try. When Lucas’s seminal article (1976) was published, practically all existing macroeconometric models had behavioral functions that were in so-called reduced form; that is, the parameters in those functions might implicitly depend on the policy regime. And another refers to this group of 14 essays, nearly all of which were first published during the 1970s, as the most influential contribution to macroeconomics in that decade. To learn more, visit our Cookies page. Robert E. Lucas Jr.: An American economist who won the 1995 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on rational expectations. (1995), Frontiers of Business Cycle Research, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Lucas formulated the model’s equilibrium as a functional equation for the functions describing the responses of the model’s endogenous variables to exogenous random disturbances, and he also solved the functional equation. Here, the theoretical analysis of the consequences of rational expectations is used to identify the most suitable methods for estimating relations and models where expectations are key components. Lucas, R.E. Nevertheless, the principle has been successfully applied in a number of cases, such as investment behavior’s dependence on depreciation rules, taxation, and access to subsidized investment funds; consumption behavior’s dependence on taxes and transfers; labor supply’s dependence on wages, taxes, and unemployment benefits. Disequilibrium here refers to the assumption that important variables in the analysis, for instance prices and wages, are exogenously fixed and not explained endogenously in the model. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1995/lucas/biographical Lucas, R.E. Yet no empirical estimates of the parameters of this function, comparable to estimated aggregate consumption, investment, or money demand func-tions, are available.' This paper analyzes Robert Lucas’ contribution to economic theory between 1967 (year of his first solo publication) and 1981 (the year before the emergence of R. Skip to main content . ROBERT E. LUCAS, JR* University of Chicago, USA INTRODUCTION The work for which I have received this prize was part of an effort to under-stand how changes in the conduct of monetary policy can influence infla-tion, employment, and production. In the second part, by cataloguing all the works that Lucas had used as bibliographical references in his papers, and separate those in two categories (positive and negative), we try two understand who exerted influence on him. This work is one of the most influential in financial economics and has become the starting point for a whole new literature that tries to integrate financial economics and macroeconomics. This page was processed by aws-apollo5 in 0.156 seconds, Using the URL or DOI link below will ensure access to this page indefinitely. Time series of employment and inflation generated by this simple model economy will show a positive relation between employment and inflation. Robert E. Lucas, Jr. was born in 1937 in Yakima, Washington, USA. But to establish it in a convincing and rigorous way required deep insights into the relationship between typical behavior functions in macroeconomic models and the result of dynamic optimization in microeconomic models of economic behavior. Michel De Vroey’s book provides a thorough but highly readable account of the main developments in the field over that period. Suggested Citation, Campus Universitário Darcy RibeiroAsa NorteBrasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900Brazil, Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic, Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic, We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content.By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies. Copy URL. Even if the Phillips curve lacked a satisfactory theoretical explanation, by the end of the 1960s it had substantial empirical support. The model is in a way used as a laboratory, where postulated relations and subtheories are tried out. The importance of the rational expectations hypothesis became apparent when Lucas extended the hypothesis to macroeconomic models and to the analysis of economic policy. In the new growth literature, the economy’s growth rate is endogenously determined because accumulation of physical capital, human capital and new technological know-how does not lead to diminishing returns. Introduction Tile fact that nominal prices and wages tend to rise more rapidly at tile peak of the business cycle than they do in the trough has been well recognized from the time when tile cycle was first perceived as a distinct phenomenon. Briefly, the ‘critique’ implies that estimated parameters which were previously regarded as ‘structural’ in econometric analysis of economic policy actually depend on the economic policy pursued during the estimation period (for instance, the slope of the Phillips curve may depend on the variance of non-observed disturbances in money demand and money supply). The rational expectations hypothesis is by now accepted as the standard frame of reference and the starting point for later studies of expectation formation, for instance with bounded rationality, limited computational capacity, and gradual learning. However, with such expectations, unemployment can still be permanently reduced, if inflation is allowed to increase steadily over time. (1978), “Asset Prices in an Exchange Economy,” Econometrica 46, 1429-1445. ROBERT E. LUCAS, JR* University of Chicago, USA INTRODUCTION The work for which I have received this prize was part of an effort to under-stand how changes in the conduct of monetary policy can influence infla-tion, employment, and production. So-called adaptive expectations were an improvement. Twelve laureates were awarded a Nobel Prize in 2020, for achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. Skip to main content.sg. A large number of followers in the `real business cycles’ literature have emphasized real disturbances in productivity rather than monetary disturbances as a cause of business cycle variations. Audience Q&A with Robert E. Lucas Jr. | 2014 Homer Jones Lecture - Duration: 20:47. 27 Pages Posted: 19 Nov 2014 Last revised: 21 Mar 2016. With regime-dependent parameters, the predictions could turn out to be erroneous and misleading. He received his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago in 1964. With these insights, Lucas could theoretically convince his contemporaries as well as later economists that three crucial building blocks of traditional macro models, the consumption function, the investment function and the Phillips curve, had parameters that were regime dependent. and T.J. Sargent (1981), Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice, Allen & Unwin, London. Robert E. Lucas, Jr - John Dewey Distinguished Service Professor in Economics, University of Chicago ‘No branch of economics has witnessed as many revolutions and counter-revolutions as macroeconomics, starting from Keynes’ General Theory eighty years ago. This interpretation was criticized by Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps, who emphasized that the interpretation disregarded the effects of expectations: If expectations were adjusted to higher inflation, the Phillips curve would shift and the long-run tradeoff between unemployment and inflation would vanish; the long-run Phillips curve would become vertical and the long-run, ‘natural’, unemployment rate would be independent of inflation. Lucas also developed operational methods to solve general equilibrium systems with rational expectations. Keywords: Robert Lucas, New Classical Macroeconomics, Citation Analysis, Bibliometrics, Suggested Citation: Last revised: 21 Mar 2016. Robert Lucas was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in economics “for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy.” More than any other person in the period from 1970 to 2000, Robert Lucas revolutionized macroeconomic theory. Theorie Der Konjunkturzyklen, Regensburg: Transfer-Verl., (1989). Après Friedrich August von Hayek (1974), Milton Friedman (1976), George Stigler (1982), James Buchanan Jr. (1986) et Gary Becker (1992), Robert E. Lucas Jr., professeur à l'université de Chicago, a reçu en 1995 la récompens Universidade de Brasília (UnB) Date Written: October 28, 2014. He used it in a study of the classic cobweb phenomenon. This paper analyzes Robert Lucas' contribution to economic theory between 1967 (year of his first solo publication) and 1981 (the year before the emergence of Real Business Cycle approach), and it has two parts. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1995 Born: 15 September 1937, Yakima, WA, USA Affiliation at the time of the award: University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Prize motivation: "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our … Lucas, R.E. This page was processed by aws-apollo5 in. One example is wage formation, where expectations about future inflation and labor demand strongly affect the contracted wage for the contract period, which in turn strongly influences realized inflation. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Add Paper to My Library. Milton Friedman (/ ˈ f r iː d m ən /; July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. They imply that expectations of the future are mechanically adjusted to previous expectation errors: if today’s price level exceeds previous expectations of today’s price level, today’s expectations of the future price level are adjusted upwards in proportion to the error. References Cooley, T.F., ed. Economist Robert E. Lucas talks about expectations, economics and infielding. For instance, monetary policy by a central bank is often more productively seen as the continuous adjustment of policy instruments to observed variations in inflation and unemployment, than as just a series of independent adjustments. The principle is again easy to state. In a series of path-breaking papers, starting with Lucas (1972b), he extended and applied the hypothesis to general equilibrium situations. The typical working method in the equilibrium business cycle literature is to begin by formulating a consistent stochastic equilibrium model, and then calibrate or estimate the model parameters, using earlier estimates of central parameters or new estimates of the model’s more specific relationships. The first one, using citation data Lucas, R.E. 27 Pages 293-316. En 1976, Robert Lucas, Jr., a publié un article influent affirmant que l'échec de la courbe de Phillips dans les années 1970 n'était qu'un exemple d'un problème général avec les modèles empiriques de prévision [12], [13]. The rational expectations hypothesis is best described as the consistent application of the hypothesis of rational behavior to individuals’ and firms’ behavior in genuinely dynamic situations, with uncertainty about the future, imperfect information and costly information gathering. Therefore the development of the economy is to a considerable degree affected by current expectations about future developments. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. Lucas, R.E. Interest rates vary with expected future inflation, since bondholders want to be compensated for the depreciation caused by inflation. Cart Hello Select your address Best Sellers Today's Deals Gift Ideas Electronics Customer Service Books New Releases Home Computers Gift Cards Coupons Sell. Hence, the parameters may change with shifts in the policy regime. Open PDF in Browser. Economista estadounidense. Muth, J.F. In these fields Lucas’s work has been of great importance, given research a new direction, and generated a large new literature. Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Mankiw, N.G. 20:47. This meant that the supply of labor in the labor market and the supply of goods in the goods market might be rationed. Lucas’s contribution was also an implicit call for a new research program. NobelPrize.org. (1991), New Keynesian Economics, Volumes I and II, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Lucas, R.E. In the first one, using citation data from four different sources, we try to answer two questions: (i) what are Lucas’ most influential papers currently? The listed email address will not respond to inquiries. With heavy hearts, we announce the death of Robert Lucas Jr. of Mooresboro, North Carolina, born in Charleston, South Carolina, who passed away on October 25, 2020 at the age of 62. Robert Lucas Jr. Obituary. 3. Professor Robert E. Lucas Jr is widely acknowledged as the originator and central figure in the development of the new classical approach to macroeconomics and has been described by Michael Parkin (1992) as ‘the leading macro mountaineer of our generation’. All Hello, Sign in. The Scientific Contributions of Robert E. Lucas, Jr. The model is … He is the John Dewey Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in Economics and the College. Contact profile manager; View family tree; Problem with this page? Moreover, it is clear the loss of influence of Lucas’ macroeconomic theory since early 1980s. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. The critique carried special weight since it showed that the Keynsian approach in effect assumed agents to behave consistently against their own best interests. Robert E. Lucas, Jr., and Leonard A. Rapping Carnegie-Mellon University Introduction The aggregate labor-supply function is a cornerstone of both neoclassical growth theory and short-run Keynesian-type employment theory. Robert E. Lucas, Jr - John Dewey Distinguished Service Professor in Economics, University of Chicago ‘No branch of economics has witnessed as many revolutions and counter-revolutions as macroeconomics, starting from Keynes’ General Theory eighty years ago. Robert E. Lucas Jr. John Muth (1961) was the first to formulate the rational expectations hypothesis in a precise way. He is the John Dewey Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in Economics and the College. Lucas ist in der Ideengeschichte der Volkswirtschaftslehre… While there may be many reasons to find fault with the details of Lucas’ argument, I am drawn to its overall Hegelian form. During the 1970s macroeconomics was rapidly and thoroughly transformed: the rational expectations hypothesis was developed and applied, an equilibrium theory of business cycles emerged, and the problems in macroeconometric evaluation of economic policy and their solutions were clarified. The Legacy of Robert Lucas, Jr. presents the eleven most influential articles on macroeconomics by Robert Lucas, Jr. together with articles by a wide variety of other key economists who extend, develop, criticize, or are otherwise significantly influenced by Lucas's seminal ideas. Stokey (1983), “Optimal Fiscal and Monetary Policy in an Economy without Capital”, Journal of Monetary Economics 12, 55-94. Lucas, R.E. He began as Assistant Professor of Economics in 1963 at Carnegie-Mellon University, where he became Associate Professor in 1967 and Professor of Economics in 1970. Econometric estimation on time series generated by the model would then result in a positive relation between inflation and employment. If so, it is obviously problematic to use the same parameter values to evaluate other policy regimes. Since 1975, he has held a professorship in Economics at the University of Chicago. Published in volume 105, issue 5, pages 85-88 of American Economic Review, May 2015, Abstract: This paper describes a growth model with the property that human capital accumulation can account for all observed growth. One of these contributions concerns asset pricing. Thereafter the model is evaluated according to how well it can reproduce actual historical time series. Such phenomena, which might superficially be interpreted as a complex and strange property of the economic system, are given a relatively simple and intuitive explanation in the light of Lucas’s result. Wed. 2 Dec 2020. In some cases prices and wages were assumed to be mechanically adjusted to the level of excess supply in each market, such that price and wage inflation was a decreasing function of the rate of unemployment: the so-called Phillips curve. For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Laureates in each prize category. 4. Price New from Used from eTextbook "Please retry" $81.20 — — Hardcover "Please retry" $104.50 . Cuestionó la influencia de John Maynard Keynes en macroeconomía y la eficacia… Robert E. Lucas, Jr. 1983 An academic colleague has called Lucas "the dominant figure in American macroeconomics." During the 1970s macroeconomics was rapidly and thoroughly transformed: the rational expectations hypothesis was developed and applied, an equilibrium theory of business cycles emerged, and the problems in macroeconometric evaluation of economic policy and their solutions were clarified. This paper analyzes Robert Lucas’ contribution to economic theory between 1967 (year of his first solo publication) and 1981 (the year before the emergence of R . Especially, he demonstrated that it could successfully be applied to the study of economic policy. Copy URL. Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love. Robert Lucas, JR.: Amazon.sg: Books. Estudió en la Universidad de Chicago y empezó a impartir clases en esa misma universidad en 1975. But it is often technically difficult to apply the hypothesis in economic analysis; the consequences of the hypothesis are frequently dramatic, for instance in regard to the effects of stabilization policy. “Blu” Lucas Jr,, 49, Fortified with the Sacraments of Holy Mother Church on Sunday March 19, 2017. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1995, The Prize in Economic Sciences 1995 - Press release. Prime. (1982), “Interest Rates and Currency Prices in a Two-Currency World,” Journal of Monetary Economics 10, 335-360. In spite of their importance, expectations long received very superficial treatment in economic analysis. Robert E Lucas Jr. Understanding Robert E Lucas Jr His Influence and. (1) Lucas showed that it is rational for the producers in the model to interpret a proportion of each price increase as caused by increased demand and therefore to increase output somewhat. Please accept Echovita’s sincere condolences. Profile von Personen mit dem Namen Robert Christopher Lucas Jr. anzeigen. Lucas, R.E. These assumptions have sometimes, erroneously, been regarded as a necessary and integrated part of the equilibrium business cycle approach. (1981), Studies in Business-Cycle Theory, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. The authors more often cited in a negative context were John M. Keynes and A. W. Phillips. Get Started. Robert E. Lucas, Jr. 1983 An academic colleague has called Lucas "the dominant figure in American macroeconomics." Understanding Robert E. Lucas Jr. His Influence and Influences. His entry is maintained by the RePEc team. This is not only an academic point, but also important for economic-policy recommendations. Nancy L. Stokey (Author), Robert E. Lucas Jr. (Author), Edward C. Prescott (Contributor) & 4.4 out of 5 stars 35 ratings. Some early contributions are collected in Lucas and Sargent (1981). Copy URL. Such a solution indeed exists, since the functional equation can be shown to be a contraction mapping. Assume therefore that monetary policy is changed to a more expansionary stance and results in a new stochastic process for inflation. In a discussion of models with predetermined prices that are fixed during a specific contract period, Lucas wrote (1980b, p. 712): “If…contract length is viewed as emerging from a decision problem solved by agents, then these models, so elaborated, would be equilibrium models.”. Describing himself as a photograffeur (a portmanteau of "photographer" and "graffeur"—French for "graffiti artist"), he flyposts large black-and-white photographic images in public locations. The solution to the functional equation is a fixpoint where the expectation function and the pricing function coincide. Lucas, R.E. Nowadays, it goes without saying that the effects of changing expectations should be taken into account when the consequences of a new policy are assessed – for instance, a new exchange rate system, a new monetary policy, a tax reform, or new rules for unemployment benefits. October 1995. We show that the author that Lucas most cited in a positive context were John Muth, Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps. Understanding Robert Lucas (1967-1981): his influence and influences . As Jevons, Walras and Menger independently and (almost) simultaneously “invented” the marginal utility theory, Friedman and Phelps in the early 1960s simultaneously developed an adaptive-expectation-based analysis of the Phillips curve. Robert Emerson Lucas Junior (né le 15 septembre 1937) est un économiste américain né à Yakima, dans l'État de Washington.Fondateur de la Nouvelle économie classique, il appartient à l'École de Chicago.. Bien qu'il se prédestinait à faire des études d'ingénieur, au Massachusetts Institute of Technology, il se tourne, faute de bourses, vers les sciences sociales. Summary Robert Lucas is the economist whose work has had the greatest impact on the development of macroeconomics and macroeconometrics since 1970. Prescott (1971), “Investment under Uncertainty,” Econometrica 39, 659-681. Another example is the field of endogenous growth which, after two or three seminal papers – one of which is by Lucas (1988) – has quickly become a large and rapidly developing area. (1961), “Rational Expectations and the Theory of Price Movements,” Econometrica 29, 315-335. In previous growth literature, the long-run growth rate was exogenously determined. In 1972 he developed a model which had the expectations of future prices and quantities incorporated into it. Robert Lucas, Jr.'s Geni Profile. September 1937 in Yakima, Washington) ist ein US amerikanischer Ökonom. Michel De Vroey’s book provides a thorough but highly readable account of the main developments in the field over that period. Citation: [Journal:] EconomiA [ISSN:] 1517-7580 [Volume:] 18 [Year:] 2017 [Issue:] 2 [Pages:] 212-228. Share: Permalink. Widely regarded as the central figure in the development of the new classical approach to macroeconomics, he received the Nobel Prize in Economicsin 1995 "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and d… Lucas’s work has adhered to an easily stated principle: The models should be explicit and complete, in the sense that all important variables should be determined endogenously through interaction between rational agents with rational expectations in a specified environment. Profile von Personen mit dem Namen Robert Lucas Jr. anzeigen. Nobel Media AB 2020. Although disturbances to money demand and money supply multipliers can be difficult to observe, it has not been possible to demonstrate empirically that imperfect information about monetary aggregates is an important explanation of business cycles. After the Second World War business-cycle research was dominated by Keynes’ followers. After Lucas’s pioneering contribution, equilibrium business cycles rapidly became a dynamic research area. Authors: Andrada, Alexandre F.S. The model’s main importance eventually derived from its role as a methodological example. JR (French pronunciation: ; born 22 February 1983) is the pseudonym of a French photographer and street artist whose identity is unconfirmed. More recently, monetary disturbances have received new interest. Le prix Nobel d'économie 1995, la distinction la plus récente des récompenses Nobel, a été attribué au professeur américain Robert E. Lucas Jr., cinquante-huit ans, de l'université de Chicago. "Why Doesn't Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?," American Economic Review, (1990) 80 (2, Papers and Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association), pp. (1975), “An Equilibrium Model of the Business Cycle,” Journal of Political Economy 83, 1113-1144. This was the first example of a rigorous equilibrium business cycle model with endogenous rational expectations. This evolution is mostly due to the contributions of one researcher: Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (1972a), “Econometric Testing of the Natural Rate Hypothesis,” in O. Eckstein, ed., The Econometrics of Price Determination, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington, DC, 50-59. This role is similar to that of the Arrow-Debreu model of general equilibrium on a set of complete markets as the starting point for later work on incomplete markets, transaction costs, and imperfect competition.